In cases of crush syndrome, which of the following substances can be released into the body?

In cases of crush syndrome, a critical condition that can occur following prolonged compression of muscle tissue, certain substances are released into the bloodstream due to cellular damage. Potassium, myoglobin, and purines are particularly relevant in this context.

When muscle cells are compromised, potassium is released from the intracellular space into the bloodstream, which can lead to hyperkalemia, a condition characterized by elevated potassium levels that can cause serious cardiac issues. Myoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen in muscle tissue, is also released into the circulatory system. High levels of myoglobin can lead to kidney damage, known as crush-related acute kidney injury, because the kidneys can become overwhelmed and unable to filter this protein effectively from the blood. Purines, which break down into uric acid, are released as nucleic acids degrade. Elevated levels of uric acid can further lead to complications such as gout or additional kidney issues.

The other options contain substances that do not typically relate to the physiological changes seen in crush syndrome. For example, while urea is produced in protein metabolism and often increased in cases of kidney injury, it is not specifically released due to muscle damage from a crush injury. Similarly, metabolic substances such as insulin and glucose relate more to carbohydrate metabolism and blood