What can occur to concrete as a result of extreme temperature changes or tension stresses?

When concrete experiences extreme temperature changes or is subjected to tension stresses, one of the most common outcomes is cracking. This occurs because concrete is inherently rigid and has a low tensile strength, meaning it does not easily flex under strain. As temperatures rise, concrete expands, and when it cools, it contracts. If the temperature fluctuations are significant, or if there are mechanical stresses applied, the stresses can exceed the strength of the concrete, leading to the formation of cracks.

Cracks may appear in various forms, including surface cracking, shrinkage cracks, or even structural cracking, depending on the severity of the temperature change and the amount of tension stress involved. It's crucial for engineers and construction professionals to consider these factors in the design and maintenance of concrete structures to mitigate the risk of cracking and ensure structural integrity.